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AICRP
on Micro and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant Elements
in Soils and Plants
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| About
Project
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The intensive cultivation of high yielding modern crop varieties,
in the past years increased the productivity. However,
this has resulted into emergence of micronutrient
deficiency in most of the soils, causing reduction
in crop yields. In order to delineate the micronutrient
deficient areas and to alleviate the nutrition stresses,
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research initiated
the All India Coordinated Scheme of Micronutrient
in Soil and Plants in 1967.
There are fifteen cooperating centres of this project
in the country. A centre for Maharashtra state has
been initiated at Dr. PDKV, Akola in 1996.
The deficiencies of secondary nutrient and toxicities
of heavy metal elements were subsequently noticed
in many parts of the country. In view of this, the
project mandate was expanded. The name of the project
was modified to All India Coordinated Project of Micro
and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant Elements in
Soils and Plants.
The Coordinating unit is functioning at Indian Institute
of Soil Science, Bhopal. The centre at Lucknow is
involved mainly in physiological research on micronutrient
nutrition of plants while the remaining 10 centres
concentrate their researches on the micro and secondary-
nutrient and pollutant elements in soils and plants.
Jurisdiction of the
project
Maharashtra State represents four major regions viz;
Vidarbha, Marathawada, Western Maharashtra and Konkan
and there are four agricultural universities in these
regions. Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
has given the centre of “All India Coordinated
Research Project on Micro and Secondary Nutrients
and Pollutant Elements in Soils and Plants”
at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
to carry out the research work on micro, secondary
and pollutant elements in soils and plants in the
whole Maharashtra state. |
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| Agro
Climatic Information
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The state has humid to per
humid type climate in Konkan and western ghats,
semiarid type in central and western Maharashtra,
while sub-humid type in eastern part of the
state. The annual rainfall in the state varies
from 450 mm in the rain shadow area to 6000
mm in western ghats of which 80 per cent is
received from June to September. Konkan and
western ghat region has a water surplus limited
to June to October with growing period of more
than 210 days. While rain shadow areas of western
and central Maharashtra have very few months
of water surplus with growing period of 90 to
150 days. In eastern part of the state, the
growing period ranges from 150 to 180 days.
The state is divided into six agro – eco
regions which in turn are sub divided in to
twelve agro – ecological sub regions.
Soils
The geological formations in the state include
Deccan trap, Lameta beds, Gondwanas and Vindhyan
system. Physiographically the state is divided
in to three broad regions viz, western Konkan
coast, western ghats and north deccan plateau.
The soils occurring on each landform are characterized
during the soil resource mapping of the state.
Taxonomically the soils of Maharashtra are categorized
into five soil orders namely Entisols (36.71
%), Inceptisols (30.9 %), Vertisols (26.3 %),
Alfisols (5.6 %), and Mollisols (0.1 %) which
are sub divided into 8 suborders, 9 great groups,
19 subgroups and 356 family associations.
Problems in
micro and secondary nutrients:
Deficiencies of micronutrients drastically
influence the growth, metabolism and reproduction
phase in plants, animals and human beings.
Widespread deficiencies of some micronutrients
have been observed in the soil.
The high yielding varieties/hybrids of cereals,
oilseed, pulses, cotton, sugarcane, vegetable
and horticultural crops etc grown since 4-5
decades using chemical fertilizers without
or less supplementation with organic manure
led to deficiency of micro (Zn, Fe, B,) and
secondary nutrients (S, Ca, Mg) in the soil.
Besides this, higher crop yields which increase
plant nutrient demands, use of high analysis
NPK fertilizers containing lower quantities
of micronutrients and reduced use of organic
manures on many agricultural soils are some
of the reasons for micronutrient deficiencies.
This has resulted into decreased nutrient
use efficiency of major nutrients like N,
P and K.
For sustaining the crop productivity, increasing
nutrient use efficiency and maintaining soil
quality in long run judicious use of micronutrients
through organic manures is the urgent need
of time.
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| Infrastructure
Facilities
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- Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
- PC based UV - VIS spectrophotometer.
- Muffle furnace
- Analytical electronic balance
- Refrigerated centrifuge
- pH meter
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| Mandate
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Reassessment of micro and
secondary nutrients (MSN) deficient/toxic areas
by soil and plant analysis as well as through
biological responses of crop in different soils.
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Micronutrient indexing for
forecasting emerging micro and secondary nutrients
disorders and developing decision support system
under different soil- cropping- management systems.
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Standardize suitable soil
test methods and establish critical levels for
micro and secondary nutrient deficiencies and
heavy metal toxicities in different soils and
crops.
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Developing suitable technique
for increasing fertilizer use efficiency including
organic manures, sewage, sludge added for ameliorating
the MSN deficiencies in crops and soils.
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Monitoring heavy metal pollution
and trace element toxicities in soils, plant and
animal health.
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Including deficiency/toxicity
symptoms for diagnosing micro and secondary nutrient
deficiencies in field crops.
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Identifying mechanism of micronutrient
interactions in soils and their role in reproductive
physiology of plants.
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Screening of crop species and
genotypes tolerant to micronutrient stress and
heavy metal toxicities.
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Delineation of micro and secondary
nutrient deficient areas using GPS/GIS in acid
soils of humid and subhumid regions and alkaline
alluvium soils of arid and semi arid regions in
the states so far remained uncovered.
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| Research
Activities and Achievements |
| PROJECT NO. 1 |
Reassessment
and delineation of micro and secondary nutrient
deficient or toxic areas and updating soil fertility
maps. |
| Objectives |
1. To assess the
changes in micronutrient fertility of Zn, Cu, Fe
and Mn and delineate soils having deficient and
toxic amounts of B, Mo, Co and S, based on soil
and plant analyses and response to crops to their
application.
2. To prepare soil fertility maps depicting extent
of deficiency and toxicities of the micronutrients
in soils using GIS. |
| Programme 1 |
Reassessment of
micro- and secondary- nutrient deficient or toxic
areas and delineation of single and multi- nutrient
deficient areas through soil and plant analysis
for soil fertility mapping. |
| Programme 2 |
Reassessment of
micro- and secondary- nutrient deficient or toxic
areas and delineation of single and multi- nutrient
deficient areas through soil and plant analysis
for soil fertility mapping. |
| PROJECT NO. 2 |
Forecasting
and monitoring the emergence of nutrient deficiencies
in areas of exploitive agriculture through Nutrient
Indexing in well defined Soil-Crop-Management Systems
in different Agroecological zones. |
| Objective |
Forecasting the
emergence of micro- and secondary- nutrient deficiencies
or toxicities in crops and soils resulting from
intensive cropping, increased use of fertilizers,
changing cropping pattern and management practices
etc. |
| Programme 3 |
Nutrient Indexing
for forecasting and monitoring the emergence of
nutrient deficiencies in areas of exploitive agriculture
in well defined Soil-Crop- Management Systems in
different Agroecological zones. |
| PROJECT NO. 3 |
Development of
techniques for increasing the fertilizer use efficiency
of zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum in micro- and
secondary- nutrients in major soils and cropping
systems |
| Objectives |
To enhance nutrient
use efficiency of micronutrients for ameliorating
micronutrient deficiencies with low cost |
| Programme 4 |
Development of
suitable micronutrients using nanotechnology for
improving efficiency of amelioration of deficiency
in major crops. |
| Programme 5 |
Management of micro-
and secondary- nutrient elements rates and mode
of application and frequency of application to crops
or cropping systems in well defined soil types (
boron, copper, molybdenum ) |
| PROJECT NO. 4 |
Evaluation
of influence of Potash, Magnesium and Sulphur Nutrition
on Yield of important Crops in India |
| Programme 6 |
Evaluation of interactive
efficiency of potash, magnesium and sulphur nutrition
and yield of different crops. |
| Objectives |
To Evaluate interactive
efficiency of Potash, Magnesium and Sulphur Nutrition
of different crops and their effect on increasing
crop productivity in Indian Soils. |
| PROJECT NO. 5 |
Screening
of varieties of various cereal, millets, pulses
and vegetable crops for tolerance to micronutrient
stress and understanding the mechanism of enrichment
of nutritionally important micronutrients like zinc,
iron, manganese and copper in seed and fodder. |
| Programme 7 |
Screening of rice
varieties tolerant to micronutrient stress and understanding
the mechanism of micronutrient enrichment in the
status of some nutritionally important micronutrients
in important food crops. |
| Objectives |
To study the variability
across locations in the cultivars of various cereal,
millets, pulses and vegetable crops for the content
of nutritionally important micronutrients- zinc
in seed and fodder. |
| Programme 8 |
Optimizing salt
concentration and neutralization process with lime
for improving nutrient use efficiency of foliar
sprays |
| Objective |
To assess sensitivity
of crops to un-neutralized zinc or ferrous or manganese
sulphate solution for the scorching effect on foliage
of various crops and improving yields. |
| Programme 9 |
Quantifying role
of micronutrients in enhancing nitrogen –
use – efficiency and crop productivity. |
| Objective |
To quantify the
role of micronutrients in enhancing NPKS, nutrient
use -efficiency and crop productivity. |
| PROJECT NO. 6 |
Role of
organic manures, green manures and sewage sludges
in correcting the micro-and secondary-nutrient deficiencies. |
| Programme 10 |
Developing IPNS
technology for ameliorating micro- nutrient deficiencies
in cropping system. |
| Objective |
To develop suitable
IPNS technology for ameliorating micro- nutrient
deficiencies. |
| PROJECT NO. 7 |
Monitoring
health hazards from heavy metals and trace elements
in soils and plants and developing techniques for
in situ management |
| Programme 11 |
Assessment of nature
and extent of pollution in agricultural soil and
plants through sewage, sludge and industrial effluents
in major cities and developing techniques for in-situ
management. |
| Objective |
• Preparation
of inventories about the receiving source and rate
of effluents, municipal waste, sewage water etc.
in different important cities in Maharashtra.
• Quantify the nature and build up of heavy
metal upto toxic levels in soils for plant growth
(selected crops).
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| PROJECT NO. 8 |
BASIC RESEARCH |
| Programme 12 |
Assessment of periodic
accreditation of sulphur in soil and its movement
soil profile. |
| Objective |
To forecast emergence
of sulphur deficiencies and vertical distribution
in soil under major cropping system in various agro-ecological
region. |
| Programme 13 |
Monitoring hazards
from heavy metals or trace elements pollution or
toxicity to plant, animal and human health |
| Objective |
To study the transfer
of the heavy metals accumulation from soil –plant
– animal-human chain |
| Achievements
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Table 1 : Available micronuitrient (mg kg-1)content is soils of Vidarbha
region
Available micronuitrient (mg /kg)content in soils of Vidarbha
region.
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SN
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District
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No. of Samples analysed
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Zinc
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Iron
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Copper
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Manganese
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Range
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Mean
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Range
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Mean
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Range
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Mean
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Range
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Mean
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Akola
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1671
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0.32 - 1.48
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0.65
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2.84 - 8.11
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4.7
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0.22 - 1.12
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0.43
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1.36 - 8.12
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4.02
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2
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Amravati
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228
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0.30 - 1.32
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0.62
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2.16 - 8.24
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3.7
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0.24 - 0.88
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0.47
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1.84 - 8.44
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4.53
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3
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Buldhana
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788
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0.34 - 1.48
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0.63
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2.48 - 9.10
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5.7
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0.32 - 1.46
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0.57
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1.28 - 8.46
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4.49
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4
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Washim
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942
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0.48 - 1.40
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0.69
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2.64 - 8.12
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4.1
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0.16 - 0.76
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0.46
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1.56 - 8.38
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4.39
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5
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Yavatmal
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218
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0.36 - 1.48
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0.66
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2.24 - 9.28
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4.5
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0.32 - 1.16
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0.55
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2.16 - 8.34
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4.02
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6
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Wardha
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110
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0.38 - 1.32
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0.66
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2.18 - 9.28
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4.8
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0.24 - 1.18
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0.55
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2.16 - 8.34
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4.18
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7
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Nagpur
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524
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0.28 - 1.44
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0.67
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3.10 - 9.34
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3.6
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0.22 - 1.26
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0.57
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1.64 - 8.42
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4.07
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Gadchiroli
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85
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0.24 - 1.36
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0.64
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3.20 - 8.42
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4.3
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0.24 - 1.42
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0.70
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2.16 - 8.10
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3.97
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Bhandara
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84
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0.24 - 1.34
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0.70
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4.78 - 10.24
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5.2
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0.22 - 1.46
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0.55
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2.16 -8.34
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4.58
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Gondia
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86
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0.28 - 1.28
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0.68
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5.18 - 12.24
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5.5
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0.28 - 1.52
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0.54
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2.34 - 7.28
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4.00
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11
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Chandrapur
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278
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1.42 - 1.34
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0.55
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4.68 - 12..16
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6.3
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0.34 - 1.68
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0.74
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1.48 - 8.46
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4.38
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Average
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0.24 - 1.48
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0.65
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2.16 - 12.24
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4.8
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0.16 - 1.68
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0.56
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1.48 - 8.46
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4.23
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Available boron content in soils of Vidarbha.
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Sr. No.
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District
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No. of Samples analysed
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Available range (ppm)
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Mean (ppm)
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1
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Akola
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104
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0.20 - 1.38
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0.58
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2
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Washim
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36
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0.24 - 1.62
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0.64
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3
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Nagpur
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60
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0.22 - 1.84
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0.56
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4
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Chandrapur
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42
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0.28 - 1.22
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0.62
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5
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Buldhana
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68
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0.26 - 1.84
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0.60
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Average
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0.20 - 1.84
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0.60
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Available Molybdenum content in soils
of Vidarbha region.
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Sr. No.
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District
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No. of Samples analysed
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Available range (ppm)
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Mean (ppm)
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1
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Akola
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15
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0.01 - 0.48
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0.09
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2
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Amravati
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15
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0.02 - 0.54
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0.22
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3
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Chandrapur
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30
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0.01 - 0.58
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0.23
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| Percent deficient
samples of soil in available zinc, iron, copper and
manganese in Vidarbha. |
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| Research
Recommendations |
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1. For sustaining the productivity
and fertility of soils under soybean – wheat
sequence, it is recommended that 50% N through organic
materials and remaining 50% N through chemical fertilizer
alongwith 20 kg sulphur and 2.5 kg Zn ha-1 to soybean
and recommended dose of fertilizer should be applied
to wheat.
2. It is recommended that 20 kg sulphur
through gypsum should be applied for obtaining maximum
yield and higher B : C ratio under soybean –
wheat sequence on sulphur deficient soil.
3. For maintaining soil fertility
and obtaining maximum yield of pigeon pea on sulphur
deficient soil, application of 20 kg sulphur ha-1
is recommended with 25 kg N and 50 kg P2O5.
4. Foliar application of 0.5 % zinc
sulphate along with 0.4 % lime is recommended for
cotton grown on vertisols if zinc concentration in
leaf index leaf in below 21 ppm.
5. For cotton crop 4.5 ppm available
iron content in soil and 281 ppm in youngest mature
leaf (4th leaf from apex) at square initiation stage
is recommended as critical level for application of
iron.
6. If recommended that, sewage water
can be used for irrigation if it is screened through
20 x 3 m hariyali bed than grass napier and vetiver
barrier.
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7. Application of 15 t FYM ha-1
+ 40:60:40 kg NPK ha-1 + 25 kg sulphur through gypsum
should be applied + spraying of 0.2% borax during
flowering for obtaining maximum yield of sunflower. |
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8. It is recommended that soybean
seeds should be treated with Rhizobium + PSB (each
25 g kg-1 seed) and 4 g ammonium molybdate per kg
seed alongwith recommended dose of chemical fertilizers. |
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9. For obtaining maximum yield and higher B:C ratio of soybean-
mustard cropping sequence, on zinc deficient soil
under 3 t FYM ha-1 + ½ recommended dose of
chemical fertilizers (15:37.5 kg N & P) + 10 kg
ZnSO4 with Rhizobium and PSB should be applied for
soybean and 50 kg N + 20 kg P ha-1 + PSB should be
applied for mustard. |
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| Publications
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1. Micronutrients in soil and plants (Bulletin)
2. Micronutrient status in soils of Vidarbha (Tech.
bulletin – PDKV/154/December, 2004) |
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| Contact
Information
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Dr. Rajendra N. Katkar
Scientist Incharge and Associate Professor
AICRP on Micro and Secondary Nutrients and Pollutant
Elements in Soils and Plants.
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Akola – 444 104 (Maharashtra).
Phone: (91) - (0724) 2258200 to 2258217 Extn –
1067
Fax : (91) – (0724) 2258419 |
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